Sources

The evidence behind every recommendation in the app. Each reference links to its PubMed record.

PeakFuel's guidance is educational: it applies published sports-nutrition research and consensus statements (ACSM / Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics / Dietitians of Canada, IOC, ISSN) to your training and logs. It is not medical advice and does not replace a physician or registered dietitian. The same list is in the app under You → Science & sources, and every recommendation screen links to its sources.

How your expenditure is estimated

Five parts, each modelled on its own evidence: resting metabolism, sleep, daily movement, the cost of digesting food, training, and the afterburn.

O'Neill JER, Walsh CS, McNulty SJ, et al. (2023). Accuracy of resting metabolic rate prediction equations in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med 53:2373–2398.
Cunningham JJ (1980). A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2372–2374.
ten Haaf T, Weijs PJM (2014). Resting energy expenditure prediction in recreational athletes of 18–35 years: confirmation of Cunningham equation and an improved prediction equation. PLoS ONE 9:e108460.
Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, et al. (1990). A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 51:241–247.
Tinsley GM, Graybeal AJ, Moore ML (2019). Resting metabolic rate in muscular physique athletes: validity of existing methods and development of new prediction equations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 44:397–406.
Schofield WN (1985). Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39(S1):5–41.
Herrmann SD, Willis EA, Ainsworth BE, et al. (2024). 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: a third update of the energy costs of human activities. J Sport Health Sci 13:6–12.
Byrne NM, Hills AP, Hunter GR, et al. (2005). Metabolic equivalent: one size does not fit all. J Appl Physiol 99:1112–1119.
Kozey S, Lyden K, Staudenmayer J, Freedson P (2010). Errors in MET estimates of physical activities using 3.5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ as the baseline oxygen consumption. J Phys Act Health 7:508–516.
Westerterp KR (2004). Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Metab 1:5.
Hall C, Figueroa A, Fernhall B, Kanaley JA (2004). Energy expenditure of walking and running: comparison with prediction equations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:2128–2134.
Ettema G, Lorås HW (2009). Efficiency in cycling: a review. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:1–14.
van Hooren B, Cox M, Rietjens G, Plasqui G (2023). Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: validation against doubly labeled water. Scand J Med Sci Sports 33:284–295.
Plasqui G, Rietjens G, Lambriks L, et al. (2019). Energy expenditure during extreme endurance exercise: the Giro d'Italia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51:568–574.
Hajj-Boutros G, Landry-Duval MA, Comtois AS, et al. (2023). Wrist-worn devices for the measurement of heart rate and energy expenditure: a validation study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense. Eur J Sport Sci 23:165–177.
LaForgia J, Withers RT, Gore CJ (2006). Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. J Sports Sci 24:1247–1264.
Careau V, Halsey LG, Pontzer H, et al. (2021). Energy compensation and adiposity in humans. Curr Biol 31:4659–4666.
Anderson L, Orme P, Naughton RJ, et al. (2017). Energy intake and expenditure of professional soccer players of the English Premier League: evidence of carbohydrate periodization. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 27:228–238.

How PeakFuel learns your metabolism

Energy balance from your own logs, fitted as a personal baseline plus a personal session cost.

Hall KD (2008). What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?. Int J Obes 32:573–576.
Forbes GB (2000). Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:359–365.
Longland TM, Oikawa SY, Mitchell CJ, et al. (2016). Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss. Am J Clin Nutr 103:738–746.
Hajj-Boutros G, Landry-Duval MA, Comtois AS, et al. (2023). Wrist-worn devices for the measurement of heart rate and energy expenditure: a validation study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense. Eur J Sport Sci 23:165–177.
Shcherbina A, Mattsson CM, Waggott D, et al. (2017). Accuracy in wrist-worn, sensor-based measurements of heart rate and energy expenditure in a diverse cohort. J Pers Med 7:3.

Readiness from HRV

Morning rMSSD against your own 60-day baseline, read as a 7-day trend.

Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Stanley J, et al. (2013). Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med 43:773–781.
Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Le Meur Y, et al. (2014). Monitoring training with heart rate variability: how much compliance is needed for valid assessment?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9:783–790.
Buchheit M (2014). Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Front Physiol 5:73.
Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H, Tulppo MP (2007). Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 101:743–751.
Vesterinen V, Nummela A, Heikura I, et al. (2016). Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:1347–1354.
Javaloyes A, Sarabia JM, Lamberts RP, Moya-Ramon M (2019). Training prescription guided by heart rate variability in cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14:23–32.
Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures. Br J Sports Med 50:281–291.
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 57:1073–1097.

Carbohydrate periodisation

Carbohydrate is matched to the work required each day, not fixed.

Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:501–528.
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SHS, Jeukendrup AE (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S17–S27.
Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, et al. (2018). Fuel for the work required: a theoretical framework for carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis. Sports Med 48:1031–1048.
Jeukendrup A (2014). A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med 44(S1):25–33.
Jeukendrup AE (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Med 47(S1):51–63.
Viribay A, Arribalzaga S, Mielgo-Ayuso J, et al. (2020). Effects of 120 g/h of carbohydrates intake during a mountain marathon on exercise-induced muscle damage in elite runners. Nutrients 12:1367.
Burke LM, Castell LM, Casa DJ, et al. (2019). International Association of Athletics Federations consensus statement 2019: nutrition for athletics. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 29:73–84.

Protein

1.6–2.2 g/kg for most athletes, higher in a deficit, distributed across the day.

Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 52:376–384.
Helms ER, Zinn C, Rowlands DS, Brown SR (2014). A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: a case for higher intakes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 24:127–138.
Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA (2018). How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15:10.
Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, et al. (2013). Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol 591:2319–2331.
Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, et al. (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44:1560–1569.
Trommelen J, van Loon LJC (2016). Pre-sleep protein ingestion to improve the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. Nutrients 8:763.

Making weight safely

Slow rates protect performance; energy availability has a hard floor.

Garthe I, Raastad T, Refsnes PE, et al. (2011). Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21:97–104.
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 57:1073–1097.
Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH (2011). Energy availability in athletes. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S7–S15.
Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM (2017). Acute-weight-loss strategies for combat sports and applications to Olympic success. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12:142–151.
Hall KD (2008). What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?. Int J Obes 32:573–576.

Fueling around sessions

Pre, during and post windows are built into your meal timeline.

Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:33.
Beelen M, Burke LM, Gibala MJ, van Loon LJC (2010). Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 20:515–532.
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:377–390.
Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, et al. (2021). UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Br J Sports Med 55:416.

Building lean mass

A modest surplus with high protein and progressive training.

Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, et al. (2019). Is an energy surplus required to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training. Front Nutr 6:131.
Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 52:376–384.

Competition week

The day before and the day of competition are never in a deficit.

Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SHS, Jeukendrup AE (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S17–S27.
Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, et al. (2021). UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Br J Sports Med 55:416.
Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM (2017). Acute-weight-loss strategies for combat sports and applications to Olympic success. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12:142–151.
Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:501–528.

Long cuts: diet breaks and refeeds

Beyond six weeks, periodic maintenance blocks protect adherence and hormones.

Byrne NM, Sainsbury A, King NA, et al. (2018). Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: the MATADOR study. Int J Obes 42:129–138.
Peos JJ, Helms ER, Fournier PA, et al. (2021). Continuous versus intermittent dieting for fat loss and fat-free mass retention in resistance-trained adults: the ICECAP trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53:1685–1698.
Garthe I, Raastad T, Refsnes PE, et al. (2011). Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21:97–104.

Youth and masters athletes

Growth first under 18; anabolic resistance after 40.

Desbrow B, McCormack J, Burke LM, et al. (2014). Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 24:570–584.
Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, et al. (2015). Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70:57–62.
Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, et al. (2009). Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 89:161–168.
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 57:1073–1097.

Female athletes

Energy availability, iron and cycle-related water shifts.

Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH (2011). Energy availability in athletes. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S7–S15.
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 57:1073–1097.
Sim M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Cox GR, et al. (2019). Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:1463–1478.
McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, et al. (2020). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 50:1813–1827.
Benton MJ, Hutchins AM, Dawes JJ (2020). Effect of menstrual cycle on resting metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15:e0236025.

Plant-based athletes

More protein, attention to leucine, B12, iron, zinc and omega-3.

Rogerson D (2017). Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:36.
van Vliet S, Burd NA, van Loon LJC (2015). The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant- versus animal-based protein consumption. J Nutr 145:1981–1991.
Larson-Meyer DE, Woolf K, Burke L (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 28:139–158.

Micronutrients and screening

What to test, not what to megadose.

Larson-Meyer DE, Woolf K, Burke L (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 28:139–158.
Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL (2018). Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med 48(S1):3–16.
Sim M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Cox GR, et al. (2019). Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:1463–1478.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 52:439–455.

Hydration and sweat testing

Sweat rates vary 4-fold between athletes — measure yours.

Baker LB (2017). Sweating rate and sweat sodium concentration in athletes: a review of methodology and intra/interindividual variability. Sports Med 47(S1):111–128.
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:377–390.
Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:501–528.

Supplements with strong evidence

Only Group A (IOC / AIS) supplements are referenced in the app.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 52:439–455.
Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, et al. (2021). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18:1.
Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:18.

All references

Herrmann SD, Willis EA, Ainsworth BE, et al. (2024). 2024 Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: a third update of the energy costs of human activities. J Sport Health Sci 13:6–12.
O'Neill JER, Walsh CS, McNulty SJ, et al. (2023). Accuracy of resting metabolic rate prediction equations in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med 53:2373–2398.
van Hooren B, Cox M, Rietjens G, Plasqui G (2023). Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: validation against doubly labeled water. Scand J Med Sci Sports 33:284–295.
Hajj-Boutros G, Landry-Duval MA, Comtois AS, et al. (2023). Wrist-worn devices for the measurement of heart rate and energy expenditure: a validation study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense. Eur J Sport Sci 23:165–177.
Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. (2023). 2023 International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med 57:1073–1097.
Careau V, Halsey LG, Pontzer H, et al. (2021). Energy compensation and adiposity in humans. Curr Biol 31:4659–4666.
Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, et al. (2021). UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Br J Sports Med 55:416.
Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, et al. (2021). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18:1.
Peos JJ, Helms ER, Fournier PA, et al. (2021). Continuous versus intermittent dieting for fat loss and fat-free mass retention in resistance-trained adults: the ICECAP trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53:1685–1698.
Benton MJ, Hutchins AM, Dawes JJ (2020). Effect of menstrual cycle on resting metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 15:e0236025.
Viribay A, Arribalzaga S, Mielgo-Ayuso J, et al. (2020). Effects of 120 g/h of carbohydrates intake during a mountain marathon on exercise-induced muscle damage in elite runners. Nutrients 12:1367.
McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, et al. (2020). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 50:1813–1827.
Tinsley GM, Graybeal AJ, Moore ML (2019). Resting metabolic rate in muscular physique athletes: validity of existing methods and development of new prediction equations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 44:397–406.
Plasqui G, Rietjens G, Lambriks L, et al. (2019). Energy expenditure during extreme endurance exercise: the Giro d'Italia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 51:568–574.
Slater GJ, Dieter BP, Marsh DJ, et al. (2019). Is an energy surplus required to maximize skeletal muscle hypertrophy associated with resistance training. Front Nutr 6:131.
Burke LM, Castell LM, Casa DJ, et al. (2019). International Association of Athletics Federations consensus statement 2019: nutrition for athletics. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 29:73–84.
Javaloyes A, Sarabia JM, Lamberts RP, Moya-Ramon M (2019). Training prescription guided by heart rate variability in cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14:23–32.
Sim M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Cox GR, et al. (2019). Iron considerations for the athlete: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:1463–1478.
Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, et al. (2018). Fuel for the work required: a theoretical framework for carbohydrate periodization and the glycogen threshold hypothesis. Sports Med 48:1031–1048.
Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med 52:376–384.
Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA (2018). How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15:10.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, et al. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 52:439–455.
Byrne NM, Sainsbury A, King NA, et al. (2018). Intermittent energy restriction improves weight loss efficiency in obese men: the MATADOR study. Int J Obes 42:129–138.
Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL (2018). Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med 48(S1):3–16.
Larson-Meyer DE, Woolf K, Burke L (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 28:139–158.
Anderson L, Orme P, Naughton RJ, et al. (2017). Energy intake and expenditure of professional soccer players of the English Premier League: evidence of carbohydrate periodization. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 27:228–238.
Jeukendrup AE (2017). Periodized nutrition for athletes. Sports Med 47(S1):51–63.
Reale R, Slater G, Burke LM (2017). Acute-weight-loss strategies for combat sports and applications to Olympic success. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12:142–151.
Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:33.
Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:18.
Shcherbina A, Mattsson CM, Waggott D, et al. (2017). Accuracy in wrist-worn, sensor-based measurements of heart rate and energy expenditure in a diverse cohort. J Pers Med 7:3.
Rogerson D (2017). Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:36.
Baker LB (2017). Sweating rate and sweat sodium concentration in athletes: a review of methodology and intra/interindividual variability. Sports Med 47(S1):111–128.
Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet 116:501–528.
Trommelen J, van Loon LJC (2016). Pre-sleep protein ingestion to improve the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. Nutrients 8:763.
Longland TM, Oikawa SY, Mitchell CJ, et al. (2016). Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss. Am J Clin Nutr 103:738–746.
Vesterinen V, Nummela A, Heikura I, et al. (2016). Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:1347–1354.
Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures. Br J Sports Med 50:281–291.
Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, et al. (2015). Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70:57–62.
van Vliet S, Burd NA, van Loon LJC (2015). The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant- versus animal-based protein consumption. J Nutr 145:1981–1991.
ten Haaf T, Weijs PJM (2014). Resting energy expenditure prediction in recreational athletes of 18–35 years: confirmation of Cunningham equation and an improved prediction equation. PLoS ONE 9:e108460.
Jeukendrup A (2014). A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med 44(S1):25–33.
Helms ER, Zinn C, Rowlands DS, Brown SR (2014). A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: a case for higher intakes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 24:127–138.
Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Le Meur Y, et al. (2014). Monitoring training with heart rate variability: how much compliance is needed for valid assessment?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9:783–790.
Buchheit M (2014). Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Front Physiol 5:73.
Desbrow B, McCormack J, Burke LM, et al. (2014). Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 24:570–584.
Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, et al. (2013). Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol 591:2319–2331.
Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Stanley J, et al. (2013). Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med 43:773–781.
Res PT, Groen B, Pennings B, et al. (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 44:1560–1569.
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SHS, Jeukendrup AE (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S17–S27.
Garthe I, Raastad T, Refsnes PE, et al. (2011). Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21:97–104.
Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH (2011). Energy availability in athletes. J Sports Sci 29(S1):S7–S15.
Kozey S, Lyden K, Staudenmayer J, Freedson P (2010). Errors in MET estimates of physical activities using 3.5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ as the baseline oxygen consumption. J Phys Act Health 7:508–516.
Beelen M, Burke LM, Gibala MJ, van Loon LJC (2010). Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 20:515–532.
Ettema G, Lorås HW (2009). Efficiency in cycling: a review. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:1–14.
Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, et al. (2009). Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 89:161–168.
Hall KD (2008). What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?. Int J Obes 32:573–576.
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, et al. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:377–390.
Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Kinnunen H, Tulppo MP (2007). Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements. Eur J Appl Physiol 101:743–751.
LaForgia J, Withers RT, Gore CJ (2006). Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. J Sports Sci 24:1247–1264.
Byrne NM, Hills AP, Hunter GR, et al. (2005). Metabolic equivalent: one size does not fit all. J Appl Physiol 99:1112–1119.
Westerterp KR (2004). Diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Metab 1:5.
Hall C, Figueroa A, Fernhall B, Kanaley JA (2004). Energy expenditure of walking and running: comparison with prediction equations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:2128–2134.
Forbes GB (2000). Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 904:359–365.
Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, et al. (1990). A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 51:241–247.
Schofield WN (1985). Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39(S1):5–41.
Cunningham JJ (1980). A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2372–2374.